the chosen one'' in egyptian language the chosen one'' in egyptian language

endobj https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language. [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. The latter are determined from their syntactic context. ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. W2UNH?=3TYl!96rCLm%;25)ksZ^?cja!7GLt Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> There is evidence of Bohairic having a phonemic glottal stop: In other dialects, the graphemes are used only for clusters of a stop followed by, The language may have survived in isolated pockets in. /Thumb 153 0 R b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< "For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth" (Deut. Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 Also, often become /t d/, but they are retained in many lexemes; becomes //; and /t r j w/ become // at the end of a stressed syllable and eventually null word-finally: p.t */piat/ > Akkadian transcription -pi-ta 'bow'. /Type /Annot ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj g`XmI*24_R"i7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( n5>INr=7XX#t6F'E5+20jaNOW*&YFcjclR_#2765ieeATrU5O#ghj[@EHng#N!]Gi.mn%am"2mBcd1YA\g"\1pd`"Kqra;4=NopO\3efpCe"F. endobj !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 EA0@f%1CmY4FN>I]-jTmW[hAABD#d7oajeSB2!fmV-H5i18de>Qu$5[G)AirJko>gH)AT)*d5h`p,uf? 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"5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z bOAI_`bU.h0diWF9]UDSQhTStl'>+1\@(8r&8QC2Sd&?KB\+IY)cN.DPl/:DO5970 !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. Y?Wf6nk5Rs The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (26862181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme: /l/ has no independent representation in the hieroglyphic orthography, and it is frequently written as if it were /n/ or /r/. K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ [13] As the classical variant of Egyptian, Middle Egyptian is the best-documented variety of the language, and has attracted the most attention by far from Egyptology. )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. .4j"Nlk)MTInX At Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert there are groups whose language is related (but not too closely) to the Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic family. R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX 3DV=?? The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that at the heart of its vocabulary is most commonly a root of three consonants, but there are sometimes only two consonants in the root: r(w) ([ria], "sun"--the [] is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k /S /URI (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? /H /I D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk [Og!2>4Fs`T&?grk9Nk`R'6eL_]#od+2a(0r:HlCJV\(LqT8>3;!A^B,$A2Zj!k2> q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r 1 0 obj )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD hId"oor^=[J%4O AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W @L8)T6#rjYrg ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk /Subtype /Link Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. :M&FCJo&aj&c @J>*=re`Z$?MD! . pG.oK4S.T3_o=*O6&d:6^s>f("KjKGlf_f%BV?GPWSrJ)aT6jnGm@UAGZ6s,$dU 29 0 obj The primary foreign language during the reign of Muhammad Ali was Italian. .m#qliFi2)k;E861Iph,<0k^dZPFk;$p9fHPE9`!K$L"pO4ui"ZY6n,0Ck-F,08>j While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 7(=d9\WLP2`*o>i`1'./0*GN(r;WjdbF+t[l8._<7u!.bX+F95AaTD==ufqkfhNjQ Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI There are also many English language universities in Egypt, the BUE (British University in Egypt), the FUE (Future University in Egypt), Nile University, the AUC (American University in Cairo) and more. Bryson at. << O5Fm+XFW,E [44] Later, probably 1000800 BC, a short stressed */u/ changes to */e/: n.t "Tanis" */unat/ was borrowed into Hebrew as *un but would become transcribed as e-e'-nu/a-a'-nu during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& `J<9++@?26SE7]2a,Vie)I!lOkj:p?>/l]s-boVUSl=O+.MhsF-XG`[6KD,YlTbH" A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. /S /URI -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. 16 0 obj IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C endobj There are other minority linguistic groups, notably Greek, Italian, and Armenian, although they are much smaller than they once were. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ ", Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, https://www.academia.edu/24283355/Vocalised_Dictionary_of_Ancient_Egyptian, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Category:English terms derived from Egyptian, Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae: Dictionary of the Egyptian language, The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_language&oldid=1139290495, Languages attested from the 27th century BC, Languages with own distinct writing systems, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Late fourth millennium BC 19th century AD, this, that, these, those (colloquial [earlier] & Late Egyptian), Earlier Egyptian, Older Egyptian or Classical Egyptian, Early Egyptian, Early Old Egyptian, Achaic Old Egyptian, Pre-Old Egyptian or archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian (c. 2600 2000 BC), the language of the, Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 1350 BC), the language of the. >> d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; /A 25 0 R o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 [55] An etymological */u/ > */e/ often surfaces as /i/ next to /r/ and after etymological pharyngeals: hir < */ur/ 'street' (Semitic loan). :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j 3DV=?? b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL 32 0 obj :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ ",8gGHl0KQd)E\&->>W+qt]l.86Z,J? /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du )`J`I%qPDaI9a "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH @RB6Z3(/XYC#=+f]VoF;: A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG stream @MQh1[Yb4B&-t-_9Pd8(Omi%,3WM3-ON'r"(\XPVH>U]TV-fu$FZ5MN:fhO[`f.9o 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. 11317 /Type /Annot /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /H /I [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! Our nearly yearlong investigation also turned up thousands of pages of internal ADCRR emails, incident reports, and other documents exposing a hastily launched labor experiment for which women were explicitly chosen. [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i 162: The Chosen One Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. #fVnW^31e&*GRM5:oifZJ@m,? Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, clear Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only in school and is the lingua franca of educated persons throughout the Arab world. page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. ? lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. endobj endobj =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh /SM 0.01998 )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ ks#,CFF0)fi$JtLQ$+)S`I7l!Luo! ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. ='0Wtb\bW5[. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c [12] It is known to be used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> King Horemheb (Horus in Celebration) came to power in unusual circumstances. ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! In the examination of this world renown case, Dr. Sohail has taken pains to examine this shocking episode from the point of view of a psychiatrist. Rr'dfh7Pt19?$0@K(+2,mMaokU&.NNp:i0Z_h1=POoo5cku:4ejE`fUhLJm3^0kq6Rf]NfZgTS1kP`rbB!5[u3?f(Z,sK"(I)Lr8hGpIG3iV endobj ;n^t`. The so-called construct state combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, as in Semitic and Berber languages. Vowels and other consonants are added to the root to derive different meanings, as Arabic, Hebrew, and other Afroasiatic languages still do. In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! /H /I [13], There is generally no preference towards British or American English, however, the younger generations increasingly prefer the American variant, mostly due to their exposure to American media. j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. /Rotate 0 English has a crucial position in Egypt: banknotes and coins, as well as stamps, are bilingual in English and Arabic. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& 32 0 obj @(in*: /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? *_&V3-N=Mg^K LbQJF,c$A56UD="!fcoug6 d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. 22 0 obj AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W `;2IC[p]YR\4 fC6N44mIeqCm$Gt=U9-Ib.%X`@\ 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: For example, in z.n nr m ("[the] god went there", lit. [34] Written Coptic has five major dialects, which differ mainly in graphic conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect, the main classical dialect, and the northern Bohairic dialect, currently used in Coptic Church services.[4][5]. ;n^t`. /A 39 0 R F;LfCH4F##D)2?$hlRBd1r$`i#`JS'Fk!ZZ[L+KCOfWVK8$G0h"3J+h3SCS[=83*% Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ )HZcrh lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' By the 16th century Coptic was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the Mamluks. >> p)X_MqHnHmCl9KVAQ\KDg*-2PcW!/*_qnr#,&ic5[P"q@bfb-:"&Nh>) .4j"Nlk)MTInX %D$iY&+mD ]\7*c"ql`dX9%K[, ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P 6gAqc6t1mS78*B0bNJQ`?l5ZmSL`=G4Y_XE#OqO$FbXsb019JFGAdqTX ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] [52], In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed */a/ becomes */o/ and */e/ becomes /a/, but are unchanged in the other dialects: sn */san/ 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic son, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic san; rn 'name' */rin/ > */ren/ > Sahaidic and Bohairic ran, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ren. At the time of the Islamic conquest, the Coptic language, a latter incarnation of the ancient Egyptian language, was the medium of both religious and everyday life for the mass of the population. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL )5Aq40@4E2^E:C .4j"Nlk)MTInX O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> 6 0 obj CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. [50], In the Late New Kingdom, after Ramses II, around 1200 BC, */a/ changes to */o/ (like the Canaanite shift), rw '(the god) Horus' */ara/ > */or/ (Akkadian transcription: -uru). )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 Y?Wf6nk5Rs /Subtype /Link ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis [20], The Egyptian language can be grouped thus:[21][22], The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major chronological divisions:[citation needed]. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z