), Representation and redistricting issues. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Representatives. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Fleurbaey, M. (1995). ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. (2005a). Defending equality of outcome. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. 3. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. London: Sage. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. 3. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. 1. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. 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This helps to avoid wastage of time. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Democratic legitimacy. 1. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Ethics, 91, 431450. Should Congress Look Like America? Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Representing Diversity. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! Lovenduski, J. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. 8. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . The affirmative action controversy. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Holst, C. (2010). Guinier, L. (1994). Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Sex and social justice. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. 2. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Crenshaw, K. (1991). The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. (1993). When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Cambridge: Polity Press. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Sawer, M. (2002). (1996). - 136.243.94.45. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? States of democracy: A gender perspective. Comparative state feminism. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). The rise of the unelected. That's pretty straightforward. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Minow, M. (1991). 2. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. (pp. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). 4. This essay will proceed as follows. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. A main aspect of marginalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Young, I. M. (1990). Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Pros. 3. so that you can track your progress. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. Previous Figure Next Figure. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. New York: Oxford University Press. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. 3. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Affordable. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). 2. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Swain, C. M. (1993). While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). (2004). What is a Descriptive Representative? Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Wngnerud, L. (2009). It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. 1938). Voet, R. (1992). Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. 1. (2001). Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Young, I. M. (2000). Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. (2014). Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. A theory of justice. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. both quantitative and qualitative research. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. New York: Oxford University Press. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. . London: Routledge. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. 2. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. Swift, A. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Rawls, J. Return to Figure. A table lists data in columns. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. 2. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Citing Literature. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Towards a European union gender equality index. . I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Pros. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. (1999). Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Emerald: Bingley. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. 1. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. 1. 9. Enter your library card number to sign in. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Democracy and disagreement. Purpose. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Toggle navigation. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Young, I. M. (1994). Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol.