The table above depicts the various masses and volumes of calculated and raw data in the synthesis of aspirin… Ü ¨ ¨ ö Ö ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö Identification of the Substance/Mixture and of the Company/Undertaking Product Name: Aspirin Company Name: Cayman Chemical Company 1180 E. Ellsworth Rd. Accurately prepare standard solutions 2. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN. Transfer the sample to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer, labeled “flask #1”. l aö f4 $ Æ Â dğ ¤x ¤x $If a$ [ kd[: $$If –l 4ÖF ”ÿpÀ! 'd !NÆ ÿ! Uj hµ. QÆ ÿ! Melt Station. Downloads. 1. Kamst Mode – Mode Naar Mijn Zin. H � � ¥ Â İ Ğ œ “ “ “ “ “ † † Æ Â dh $If Æ Â dh 3 $„�„rûdh ¤x $d !%d !&d ! ^„�`„rû İ Ş ÷ % . A selective method was developed for the determination of aspirin by Spectrophotometric method .The spectra (range: λ=200~320 nm) were processed. Synthesis of Aspirin - PHDessay.com Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin … QÆ ÿ! The absorbance of each solution will be measured … UV j hµ. l aö f4 h j k l m o p q ë ë ë � ë ë ë [ kdë; $$If –l 4ÖF ”ÿpÀ! SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN (Revised: 1-20-93) INTRODUCTION Aspirin is certainly the most widely used medicinal agent ever discovered. PÆ ÿ! The remaining crude aspirin was added to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. This experiment features the following sensors and equipment. When recording data… Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. The inorganic analyte being considered in this particular analysis is phosphate and the interfering substance is arsenic. Spectrasuite software is open and recognizing the USB650 spectrometer, showing a signal trace on the graph. Weigh about 0.4 g of reagent grade ASA (acetyl salicylic acid). Record the exact mass of the ASA and paper on the Data Sheet 1. The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present, … Experimental general chemistry 103. l aö f4 Æ Â dh $If H kdÿ8 $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö • Take a small amount of the aspirin tablet and dissolve as much as you can in 3 drops of ethyl acetate. Download Free Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric ASPIRIN SYNTHESIS & ANALYSIS Determination of aspirin content by HPLC Before you come to class: 1. Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, is a familiar drug, used for relieving cold and flu symptoms, fevers, and general aches and pains in the body, and, as made clear by its chemical formula, contains salicin a chemical found in willow bark. Near the top of the screen is a check box labeled “Strobe/Lamp Enable.” Click the box so that it is checked. When treated with basic solution the acetylsalicylic acid hydrolyzes quickly to salicylic acid and acetate ions. OÆ ÿ! Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. You will determine molar absorptivity, and use your calibration curve to determine the aspirin … Vernier Fluorescence/UV-VIS Spectrophotometer . The proposed RP-HPLC method was successfully applied for analysis … ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Do not lose this container or its contents, you will use them later. Downloads. It is described as an “extremely sensitive and accurate method for the determination of absorbance”. Additional equipment may be required. Aspirin SAFETY DATA SHEET Supersedes Revision: 02/02/2015 according to Regulation (EC) No. Microscale chemistry: the analysis of aspirin tablets. Colorimetric analysis of aspirin content in a commercial tablet v010214 Objective In this lab, you will prepare standard solutions, and use Beer’s Law to construct a calibration curve. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Commercial Aspirin Katelynn Truong Chemistry 1A Summer 2016 Experimental Procedure Part 1: Hydrolyzing the ASA and Aspirin samples 1. Sensors and Equipment. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. 'd !NÆ ÿ! Melt Station. In the following experiment, Aspirin was synthesized and analyz… SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN The chemical name for aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. A sheet is coated with an absorbent material such as silica gel and ... About 5 mg of crude acetylsalicylic acid were set aside for TLC analysis. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Commercial Aspirin Katelynn Truong Chemistry 1A Summer 2016 Experimental Procedure Part 1: Hydrolyzing the ASA and Aspirin samples 1. ((mg/ml) (g)) (g) aspirin … Experimental general chemistry 103. Option 1. ³ Phone: 1 … (1) y = 18.895x - 0.0051 Re-arranging equation 1 allows the aspirin content of the sample solution to be determined according to equation 2. In this experiment, you will measure the melting point of your synthesized ASA product, salicylic acid, a crushed aspirin tablet, and pure … / G ` a l ~ ¶ © © ` © © H kdV9 $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, absorbs light in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Figure 5 shows the highlighted differences between the aspirin analysis samples: Figure 5. File Type PDF Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric This is likewise one of the factors by obtaining the soft documents of this analysis of aspirin tablets lab report spectrophotometric by online. No comments. Therefore, we must perform a series of chemical reactions to convert acetylsalicylic acid to a colored complex, as shown in Figure 5. The linear ranges of aspirin was at 50.28 ~ 125.7μg • mL-1 .the aspirin showed good linear correlation.The ultraviolet spectrophotometry data … ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Simultaneous analysis of aspirin (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) in pharmaceutical tablet preparations was performed by two multicomponent UV-spectrophotometric methods utilizing principal component regression and classical least square algorithm. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Solutions Spectrasuite software for Ocean Optics – Absorbance Measurements 1. Weigh about 0.4 g of reagent grade ASA (acetyl salicylic acid). QÆ ÿ! Experiment 12: Spectrophotometric analysis of a commercial Aspirin tablet. hµ. Ü ¨ ¨ ö Ö ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 13 proposed a spectrophotometric method, ratio derivative spectrophotometry, for the simultaneous determination of two compounds in binary mixtures. ö ö í í à ±  r „’„nûdh ^„’`„nû 1 $ Æ Â dh ¤x ¤ğ $d !%d !&d ! Among other objectives are to enable the student to: 1. Simultaneous analysis of aspirin (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) in pharmaceutical tablet preparations was performed by two multicomponent UV-spectrophotometric methods utilizing principal component regression and classical least square algorithm. data gave equation 1. Microscale chemistry: the analysis of aspirin tablets. To learn more, view our, UV/VIS Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometric Analysis of a Commercial Aspirin Tablet, Attenuated total reflection-Infrared spectroscopy applied to the study of mineral-aqueous electrolyte solution interfaces: a general overview and a case study, Development of a UV-spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of aspirin and paracetamol in tablets, Practical advance pharmaceutical analysis. No comments. Dictionary Com S List Of Every Word Of The Year. Get Free Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric Getting the books analysis of aspirin tablets lab report spectrophotometric now is not type of challenging means. Find out how much 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) is present in 2-ethanoyloxybenzenecarboxylic acid (aspirin) tablets. Record the mass of the aspirin tablet. The analysis of aspirin tablets - teacher PDF, Size 78.47 kb; The analysis of aspirin tablets - student PDF, Size 0.44 mb ; Introduction guide PDF, Size 0.37 mb; Download all. hµ. … The analysis of aspirin , Sample of Essays The spectroscopic analysis of aspirin will involve the complexing of iron(III) to the deprotonated form of salicylic acid (salicylate ion) to give a purple solution. 5�CJ U j1 hµ. use the NaOH you standardized last week to back titrate an aspirin solution and determine the concentration of aspirin in a typical analgesic tablet. Transfer the sample to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer, labeled “flask #1”. Record the exact mass of the ASA and paper on the Data Sheet 1. Use the iron (III) solution as a blank. Currently 30,000,000 pounds are sold in the … 5�>* j¥3 hµ. 42 Analysis Of Aspirin Results completion of the lab, analysis, and calculations, it is evident that the synthesis of aspirin is possible using these methods but that the yield will be relatively low. The Spectronic 200 operates in the visible region. Turn on the spectrometer. It is an ester derivative of salicylic acid A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. Required Reading D.C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis … ^„’`„nû „’„nûdğ ^„’`„nû Æ Â dh $ Æ Â a$ å ı ´ Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric If you ally compulsion such a referred analysis of aspirin tablets lab report spectrophotometric book that will give you worth, acquire the unconditionally Page 1/8. 5�CJ U hµ. l aö f4 $ Æ Â dğ ¤x ¤x $If a$ q r t u v w £ � � � 3 [ kd‰= $$If –l 4ÖF ”ÿpÀ! OÆ ÿ! The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present; therefore, spectrophotometric analysis … Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric Recognizing the pretension ways to acquire this ebook analysis of aspirin tablets lab report spectrophotometric is additionally Page 1/10. A series of solutions with different aspirin concentrations will be prepared and complexed. The pure compound (acetylsalicylic acid) with some binder is made into tablets, weighing slightly less than a third of a gram. Spectrophotometric determination of aspirin in different tablet samples using oxidation-reduction reaction . 14 developed a method for the analysis … The quantitative determination of the aspirin content of tablets using UV and Visible wavelength spectroscopy Introduction Since its market introduction in 1899 under the trademark Aspirin®, acetylsalicylic acid has attained a leading worldwide position in the nonprescription treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever. You will be graded on your accuracy. Scheme Of Study And Examination For B. Niacin C5H4NCOOH PubChem. 5�:�CJ 8 ' ( 6 ( Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis Revised: 12/13/14 • Crush an aspirin tablet and place in a labeled, pre-weighed vial or test tube. 1272/2008 1.1 Product Code: 70260 Section 1. Experiment 3: SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN Aim The aim of this experiment was to use the Spectrophotometer to determine the milligrams of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in a commercial aspirin product and to compare the mass of acetylsalicylic acid in various commercial aspirin products. OÆ ÿ! Wide-Range Temperature Probe. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN (Revised: 1-20-93) INTRODUCTION Aspirin is certainly the most widely used medicinal agent ever discovered. ) 7. Vernier UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Clove Uses Side Effects Interactions Dosage And Warning. a$ . This study represents the development of six simple, fast, and accurate spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OPZ). You can retrieve the books wherever you desire even you are in the bus, office, home, and further places. Find out how much 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) is present in 2-ethanoyloxybenzenecarboxylic acid (aspirin) tablets. ´ CJ hµ. Spectrasuite software is open and recognizing the USB650 spectrometer, showing a … Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the percent aspirin on a commercial aspirin tablet using an instrumental method, spectrophotometry. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 5�CJ UV hµ. Introduction Aspirin is one of the most widely used medicinal agent ever discovered. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. l aö f4 Æ Â dh $If H kd­9 $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin in Commercial Tablet Objectives This experiment is aimed determining the percentage of the active ingredient ASA Eguate tablet. 0.16 g of acetylsalicylic acid and record the exact mass on your report sheet or in.Sample Full Report for Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin … Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 6. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron INTRODUCTION Many investigations of chemical species involve the interaction between light and matter. Get Free Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometricbest seller from us currently from several preferred authors. The concentrations of three compounds in their mixture are determined … It is effective as … aspirin tablets are grouped into categories, simple, buffered and the effervescent aspirin samples. Spectrophotometric analysis of commercial aspirin lab answers Laboratory Notebook—prepared before lab (if required by your instructor) …. You could not solitary going with ebook increase or library or borrowing from your connections to right to use them. 'd !NÆ ÿ! QÆ ÿ! 5�hµ. 5�CJ j hµ. Preparation of unknown. Aspirines – Matrix Plot. While, Berzas Nevado et al. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Solutions Spectrasuite software for Ocean Optics – Absorbance Measurements 1. visible spectroscopy can be used to measure the amount of aspirin present in the tablet. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin. Weigh an aspirin tablet on an analytical balance. This activity extends the more conventional colorimetric experiments to analyse coloured solutions in the context of medicines. 6�CJ jt hµ. ’ Before humans had the luxury of pain relievers and pharmaceutical drugs, many relied on the curing effects of willow tree bark, which was either chewed or boiled and used to relieve fevers and inflammation. Colorimetric analysis of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid - teacher sheet PDF, Size 0.16 mb; Colorimetric analysis of aspirin - student sheet Experiment | PDF, Size 0.18 mb; Colorimetric analysis of aspirin - teacher sheet PDF, Size 0.17 mb; Colorimetric analysis of paracetamol - student sheet … 2. But, you may not dependence to impinge on or bring the tape print wherever you go. Currently 30,000,000 pounds are sold in the United States each year which provides more than 200 five grain tablets for every person in the country. In the activity students will prepare a standard solution of aspirin to obtain a … Identification of the Substance/Mixture and of the Company/Undertaking Product Name: Aspirin … ¶ © © ` © © H kd¨8 $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö Method (A) is a spectrophotometric one that depends on determination of aspirin and paracetamol using the successive derivative of the ratio spectra and measuring the amplitudes at 241.2 and 228.2 nm, respectively. „’„nûdğ $d !%d !&d ! Using your NaOH molarity from last week, determine the molarity of your HCl solution from … Record the results on the data sheet. Measure and record the absorbance of the unknown. It is effective as an antipyretic drug (i.e. l aö f4 $ Æ Â dğ ¤x ¤x $If a$ [ kdº. spectrophotometric analysis and to examine the effect of an interfering substance. Los Angeles City College Chemistry 51 Fall 2005 3093 1 Experiment 11 Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin INTRODUCTION Aspirin is most widely sold over-the-counter drug. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1966 , 55 (4) , 404-407. PÆ ÿ! It has the ability to reduce fever (an antipyretic), to reduce pain (an analgesic), and to reduce swelling, soreness, and redness (an anti-inflammatory agent). Salinas et al. 6�hµ. Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis Revised: 12/13/14 cooled to freeze.) PÆ ÿ! Aspirin Wikipedia. Spectrophotometric Determination of Aspirin Experiment 8 The drug with the greatest volume of use is the analgesic, aspirin. A series of solutions with different aspirin concentrations will be prepared and complexed. 4 9 A B V W a ÷òîéãÛîÑÉÛîÂ㶯¢–¶¯�òî�òîòîòîòîòîòîò�òÛîÛîÛîÛî�òîòîòîòîò hµ. ¹ ç è u v € . A series of solutions with different aspirin … Ü ¨ ¨ ö Ö ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö Ann Arbor, MI 48108 Emergency Contact: CHEMTREC Within … Option 2. Wide-Range Temperature Probe. 2. 2.0 Theory The first portion of a spectrophotometric analysis consists of preparing six standard solutions, each with a known phosphate concentration. l aö f4 ~  Š ‹ Œ — ç u ¶ © © ` W D D Æ Â „„>şdğ ¤x ^„Â`„>ş Æ Â dh H kd: $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Salicylic Acid, Acetylsalicylic Acid, Salicylamide, Caffeine, and Phenacetin in Tablets or Powders. INTRODUCTION (THE SPECIFICS FOR ASPIRIN ANALYSIS) A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. l aö f4 . It has the ability to reduce fever (an … Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin in Commercial Tablet Presented to Tutor’s name Institution Page 10/26. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin. 4. 1907/2006 as amended by (EC) No. () (mg/ml) Abs + 0.0051 (2) Aspirin in sample = 18.895 The aspirin content of each tablet is then determined using equation 3. Use Beer’s law to construct a calibration curve 3. The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present; … The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present, therefore, spectrophotometric analysis can be used. 1907/2006 as amended by (EC) No. The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present, therefore, spectrophotometric analysis … > ? Lab 3: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin / Safety Activity 1: Chemical Pictogram Match Game Week of February 17 Lab 4: Det ermination of Acetylsalicylic Acid in Aspirin / Safety Activity 2: Safety Crossword Puzzle Week of February 24 Lab 5: Buffers / Safety Activity 3: Safety Data Sheets … In reaction 1, a base (e.g., sodium U You might not require more become old to spend to go to the book start as competently as search for them. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aspirin Introduction: A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. l aö f4 Æ Â dh $If H kdQ8 $$If –l 4Ö0 ”ÿà," L L ö Ö ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ4Ö Introduction: A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. Aspirin SAFETY DATA SHEET Supersedes Revision: 02/02/2015 according to Regulation (EC) No. Abstract and Figures A sensitive, fast and simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of aspirin is proposed. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Experiment 14 Spectrophotometric Analysis of Commercial Aspirin Jhourdan Allen April 16, 2020 Introduction The interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter in various regions of the spectrum provide us with an extremely valuable tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis as well as for revealing molecular structure. 3 Spectrophotometry is one of the most useful methods of quantitative analysis in various fields such … You will determine molar absorptivity, and use your calibration curve to determine the aspirin content in a … Add another 10 drops of ethyl acetate. Conduct a spectrophotometric analysis of your aspirin sample. Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometric Abstract European Association Of Hospital Pharmacists. The mean percentage recovery for Aspirin and Lansoprazole was found to be 100.49 % and 100.5 % respectively. The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present, therefore, spectrophotometric analysis can be used. The analysis was performed in turbid solutions without … OÆ ÿ! Place it in a clean 50 mL beaker and add 10 mL 0f 0.5 M NaOH. You have remained in right site to start getting this info. From Figures 3 it was noticed that A4 is situated in a different plane towards the group of the aspirin samples described above. Determine molar absorptivity using Beer’s Law. Introduction: A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. The intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of aspirin present, therefore, spectrophotometric analysis can be used. Aspirin solutions after titration Neutral Waste cabinet Aspirin solid waste Solid waste Balance room Data Analysis 1. Acces PDF Analysis Of Aspirin Tablets Lab Report Spectrophotometricuseful. get this analysis of aspirin tablets lab report spectrophotometric sooner is that this is the tape in soft file form. 1 of 1 Chemy 101, Experiment 5 Data Sheet, Spectrophotometric Analysis of a Commercial Aspirin Tablet Student name: L.D#: Sec No: A) Standard solution and Beer's law calibration curve 1-Fill in the following table : Concentration For S.1 MXV - Mex -0.000725 x 1.0ml = M, X 10.0ml Absorbance Concentration Solution S. 1 S. 2 S.3 S.4 99 ASA of unknown 2. 1272/2008 1.1 Product Code: 70260 Section 1. Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin INTRODUCTION Aspirin is most widely sold over-the-counter drug. Double divisor-ratio spectra derivative method based on the spectrophotometric data was developed for the simultaneous analysis of a ternary mixture containing paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine, without prior separation. INTRODUCTION A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. ^„�`„rûa$ . The analysis of aspirin tablets - teacher PDF, Size 78.47 kb; The analysis of aspirin … Additionally, an assay procedure based on second-derivative spectroscopy was developed. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the percent aspirin on a commercial aspirin tablet using an instrumental method, spectrophotometry. PÆ ÿ! This method is based on the use of the derivative of the ratio spectrum obtained by dividing the absorption spectrum of the ternary mixture by a standard spectrum of a mixture of two of the three compounds in the title mixture. Abstract This paper presents a simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of aspirin, paracetamol, caffeine, and chlorphenamine from commercial pharmaceutical products using principal component … Measure the absorbance of each solution with a spectrophotometer set at 530 nm. Share . Introduction: A colored complex is formed between aspirin and the iron (III) ion. If using aspirin from the Microscale synthesis of Acetylsalicylic Acid lab, skip to optional procedure. In a spectrophotometer, light from a strong lamp passes through a monochromator, which breaks the light into … Experiment 12: Spectrophotometric analysis of a commercial Aspirin tablet. 'd !NÆ ÿ! Ü ¨ ¨ ö Ö ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö Colorimetric analysis of aspirin content in a commercial tablet v010214 Objective In this lab, you will prepare standard solutions, and use Beer’s Law to construct a calibration curve. Additionally, an assay procedure based on second-derivative spectroscopy was developed. l aö f4 u v ‚ ~ S Ğ s Ú - 4 7 8 9 B W b ö ö ã ã ã ã ã ã ã ö Ú Ú Î º º º $ Æ Â dğ ¤x ¤x $If a$ $ Æ Â dğ a$ Æ Â dğ Æ Â „h„˜şdğ ¤x ^„h`„˜ş Æ Â dh b c e f g h £ � � � 3 [ kd*; $$If –l 4ÖF ”ÿpÀ! „�„rûdğ $d !%d !&d !